Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 28 : Investments in Associates
Scope
1 This Standard shall be applied in accounting for investments in associates. However, it does not apply to investments in associates held by:
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venture capital organisations
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[Refer to Appendix 1]
that upon initial recognition are designated as at fair value through profit or loss or are classified as held for trading and accounted for in accordance with Ind AS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. Such investments shall be measured at fair value in accordance with Ind AS 39, with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss in the period of the change. An entity holding such an investment shall make the disclosures required by paragraph 37(f).
Definitions
2 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:
An associate is an entity, including an unincorporated entity such as a partnership, over which the investor has significant influence and that is neither a subsidiary nor an interest in a joint venture.
Consolidated financial statements are the financial statements of a group presented as those of a single economic entity.
Control is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities.
The equity method is a method of accounting whereby the investment is initially recognised at cost and adjusted thereafter for the post-acquisition change in the investors share of net assets of the investee. The profit or loss of the investor includes the investor's share of the profit or loss of the investee.
Joint control is the contractually agreed sharing of control over an economic activity, and exists only when the strategic financial and operating decisions relating to the activity require the unanimous consent of the parties sharing control (the venturers).
Separate financial statements are those presented by a parent, an investor in an associate or a venturer in a jointly controlled entity, in which the investments are accounted for on the basis of the direct equity interest rather than on the basis of the reported results and net assets of the investees.
Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but is not control or joint control over those policies.
A subsidiary is an entity, including an unincorporated entity such as a partnership, that is controlled by another entity (known as the parent).
3 Financial statements in which the equity method is applied are not separate financial statements, nor are the financial statements of an entity that does not have a subsidiary, associate or venturers interest in a joint venture.
4 Separate financial statements are those presented in addition to consolidated financial statements, financial statements in which investments are accounted for using the equity method and financial statements in which venturers interests in joint ventures are proportionately consolidated. Separate financial statements may or may not be appended to, or accompany, those financial statements, unless required by law.
5 [Refer to Appendix 1]
Significant influence
6 If an investor holds, directly or indirectly (eg through subsidiaries), 20 per cent or more of the voting power of the investee, it is presumed that the investor has significant influence, unless it can be clearly demonstrated that this is not the case. Conversely, if the investor holds, directly or indirectly (eg through subsidiaries), less than 20 per cent of the voting power of the investee, it is presumed that the investor does not have significant influence, unless such influence can be clearly demonstrated. A substantial or majority ownership by another investor does not necessarily preclude an investor from having significant influence.
7 The existence of significant influence by an investor is usually evidenced in one or more of the following ways:
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representation on the board of directors or equivalent governing body of the investee;
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participation in policy-making processes, including participation in decisions about dividends or other distributions;
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material transactions between the investor and the investee;
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interchange of managerial personnel; or
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provision of essential technical information.
8 An entity may own share warrants, share call options, debt or equity instruments that are convertible into ordinary shares1, or other similar instruments that have the potential, if exercised or converted, to give the entity additional voting power or reduce another partys voting power over the financial and operating policies of another entity (ie potential voting rights). The existence and effect of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible, including potential voting rights held by other entities, are considered when assessing whether an entity has significant influence. Potential voting rights are not currently exercisable or convertible when, for example, they cannot be exercised or converted until a future date or until the occurrence of a future event.
9 In assessing whether potential voting rights contribute to significant influence, the entity examines all facts and circumstances (including the terms of exercise of the potential voting rights and any other contractual arrangements whether considered individually or in combination) that affect potential rights, except the intention of management and the financial ability to exercise or convert.
10 An entity loses significant influence over an investee when it loses the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions...
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